Uses of the Word “Macula” in Written English, 1400-Present
Identifieur interne : 000079 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000078; suivant : 000080Uses of the Word “Macula” in Written English, 1400-Present
Auteurs : Stephen G. Schwartz [États-Unis] ; Christopher T. LefflerSource :
- Survey of ophthalmology [ 0039-6257 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
We compiled uses of the word “macula” in written English by searching multiple databases, including the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, America’s Historical Newspapers, the Gale Cengage Collections, and others. “Macula” has been used: as a non-medical “spot” or “stain”, literal or figurative, including in astronomy and in Shakespeare; as a medical skin lesion, occasionally with a following descriptive adjective, such as a color (macula alba); as a corneal lesion, including the earliest identified use in English, circa 1400; and to describe the center of the retina. Francesco Buzzi described a yellow color in the posterior pole (“retina tinta di un color giallo”) in 1782, but did not use the word “macula”. “Macula lutea” was published by Samuel Thomas von Sömmering by 1799, and subsequently used in 1818 by James Wardrop, which appears to be the first known use in English. The Google n-gram database shows a marked increase in the frequencies of both “macula” and “macula lutea” following the introduction of the ophthalmoscope in 1850. “Macula” has been used in multiple contexts in written English. Modern databases provide powerful tools to explore historical uses of this word, which may be underappreciated by contemporary ophthalmologists.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.03.001
PubMed: 24913329
PubMed Central: 4177979
Affiliations:
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1400-Present</title><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Stephen G" sort="Schwartz, Stephen G" uniqKey="Schwartz S" first="Stephen G." last="Schwartz">Stephen G. Schwartz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 311 9<sup>th</sup> Street North, #100, Naples, FL 34102.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea> Street North, #100, Naples</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leffler, Christopher T" sort="Leffler, Christopher T" uniqKey="Leffler C" first="Christopher T." last="Leffler">Christopher T. Leffler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 401 N 11<sup>th</sup> Street, Box 980209, Richmond, VA 23298.<email>chrislefflermd@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Survey of ophthalmology</title><idno type="ISSN">0039-6257</idno><idno type="eISSN">1879-3304</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">We compiled uses of the word “macula” in written English by
searching multiple databases, including the Early English Books Online Text
Creation Partnership, America’s Historical Newspapers, the Gale Cengage
Collections, and others. “Macula” has been used: as a non-medical
“spot” or “stain”, literal or figurative, including
in astronomy and in Shakespeare; as a medical skin lesion, occasionally with a
following descriptive adjective, such as a color (macula alba); as a corneal
lesion, including the earliest identified use in English, circa 1400; and to
describe the center of the retina. Francesco Buzzi described a yellow color in
the posterior pole (“retina tinta di un color giallo”) in 1782,
but did not use the word “macula”. “Macula lutea”
was published by Samuel Thomas von Sömmering by 1799, and subsequently
used in 1818 by James Wardrop, which appears to be the first known use in
English. The Google n-gram database shows a marked increase in the frequencies
of both “macula” and “macula lutea” following the
introduction of the ophthalmoscope in 1850. “Macula” has been used
in multiple contexts in written English. Modern databases provide powerful tools
to explore historical uses of this word, which may be underappreciated by
contemporary ophthalmologists.</p></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Floride</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Leffler, Christopher T" sort="Leffler, Christopher T" uniqKey="Leffler C" first="Christopher T." last="Leffler">Christopher T. Leffler</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Floride"><name sortKey="Schwartz, Stephen G" sort="Schwartz, Stephen G" uniqKey="Schwartz S" first="Stephen G." last="Schwartz">Stephen G. Schwartz</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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